The effect of cadence on timing of muscle activation and mechanical output in cycling: On the activation dynamics hypothesis

Polar diagrams of joint moments, joint powers, and smoothed rectified sEMG with increasing cadence, relative to the crank cycle, for one subject. Negative values are indicated by dotted lines. Black dot in first polar diagram represents crank axis of rotation.

Phase shift for (A) joint moment, (B) joint velocity and crank velocity, and (C) joint power, as a function of cadence. Vertical bars indicate s.e.m. Joint figure legend is valid for all graphs.

Phase shift as a function of cadence for sEMG of all muscles in all subjects. Dotted line for Sol is the one subject who showed a changing sEMG pattern. These data were excluded from further analysis.