Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
Volume 19, Issue 1 , Pages 39-45 , February 2009

Comparison of surface electromyographic activity of erector spinae before and after the application of central posteroanterior mobilisation on the lumbar spine

  • Georgios Krekoukias

      Affiliations

    • School of Health Professions, Technological Educational Institution of Lamia, Greece
  • ,
  • Nicola J. Petty

      Affiliations

    • School of Health Professions, University of Brighton, Robert Dodd Building, 49 Darley Road, Eastbourne BN20 7UR, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +44 1273 643775; fax: +44 1273 643652.
  • ,
  • Liz Cheek

      Affiliations

    • School of Computing Mathematical and Information Sciences, University of Brighton, UK

Received 12 March 2007 ,Revised 7 June 2007 ,Accepted 28 June 2007.

References 

  1. Baxendale RH, Ferrell WR. The effect of knee joint afferent discharge on transmission in flexion reflex pathways in decerebrate cats. J Physiol. 1981;315:231–242
  2. Basmajian JV, DeLuca CJ. Muscles alive: their functions revealed by electromyography. 5th ed.. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1985;
  3. Binkley J, Stratford PW, Gill C. Interrater reliability of lumbar accessory motion mobility testing. Phys Therapy. 1995;75(9):786–795
  4. Bolton PS, Budgell BS. Spinal manipulation and spinal mobilization influence different axial sensory beds. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66:258–262
  5. Chen W-J, Chiou W-K, Lee Y-H, Lee M-Y, Chen M-L. Myo-electric behaviour of the trunk muscles during static load holding in healthy subjects and low-back pain patients. Clin Biomech. 1998;13(Suppl. 1):S9–S15
  6. Cheng J, Brooke JD, Misiaszek JE, Staines WR. The relationship between the kinematics of passive movement, the stretch of extensor muscles of the leg and the change induced in the gain of the soleus H reflex in humans. Brain Res. 1995;672(1–2):89–96
  7. Chiou W-K, Lee W-H, Chen W-J. Use of surface EMG coactivational pattern for functional evaluation of trunk muscles in subjects with and without low-back pain. Int J Ind Ergonom. 1999;23:51–60
  8. Colloca CJ, Keller TS. Stiffness and neuromuscular reflex response of the human spine to posteroanterior manipulative thrusts in patients with low back pain. J Manipulat Physiol Ther. 2001;24(8):489–500
  9. DeLuca CJ. The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. J Appl Biomech. 1997;13:135–163
  10. DeVocht JW, Pickar JG, Wilder DG. Spinal manipulation alters electromyographic activity of paraspinal muscles: a descriptive study. J Manipulat Physiol Ther. 2005;28:465–471
  11. Dimitru D, Amato A, Zwarts M. Electrodiagnostic medicine. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus; 2001;
  12. Dishman JD, Burke J. Spinal reflex excitability changes after cervical and lumbar spinal manipulation: a comparative study. Spine J. 2003;3:204–212
  13. Edwards DJ, Thickbroom GW, Brynes ML, Ghosh S, Mastaglia FL. Reduced corticomotor excitability with cyclic passive movement: a study using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Human Movement Sci. 2002;21:533–540
  14. Farina D, Rainoldi A. Compensation of the effect of sub-cutaneous tissue layers on surface EMG: a simulation study. Med Eng Phys. 1999;21:487–496
  15. Ferdjallah M, Wertsch J. Anatomical and technical considerations in surface electromyography. Phys Med Rehab Clin North America. 1998;9(4):925–931
  16. Freeman MAR, Wyke B. Articular reflexes at the ankle joint: an electromyographic study of normal and abnormal influences of ankle-joint mechanoreceptors upon reflex activity in the leg muscles. Br J Surg. 1967;54(12):990–1001
  17. Grigg P. Response of joint afferent neurons in cat medial articular nerve to active and passive movements of the knee. Brain Res. 1976;18:482–485
  18. Harms M, Bader D. Variability of forces applied by experienced therapists during spinal mobilization. Clin Biomech. 1997;12(6):393–399
  19. Hicks C. Research for physiotherapists. Project design and analysis. 2nd ed.. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1995;
  20. Hodges P, Bui BH. A comparison of computer based methods for the determination of onset of muscle contraction using electromyography. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1996;101:511–519
  21. Jenkins S, Price CJ, Straker L. The researching therapist. A practical guide to planning, performing and communicating research. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1998;
  22. Keller TS, Colloca CJ, Beliveau J-G. Force deformation response of the lumbar spine: a sagittal plane model of posteroanterior manipulation and mobilisation. Clin Biomech. 2002;17:185–196
  23. Kollmitzer J, Ebenbichler GR, Kopf A. Reliability of surface electromyographic measurements. Clin Neurophysiol. 1999;110(4):725–734
  24. Lariviere C, Gagnon D, Loisel P. The comparison of trunk muscles EMG activation between subjects with and without chronic low back pain during flexion–extension and lateral bending tasks. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2000;10:79–91
  25. Latimer J, Lee M, Adams R, Moran C. An investigation of the relationship between lumbar posteroanterior mobility and low back pain. J Manipulat Physiol Ther. 1996;19(9):587–591
  26. Lee M, Svensson NL. Effect of frequency on response of the spine to lumbar posteroanterior forces. J Manipulat Physiol Ther. 1993;16:439–446
  27. Lee M, Moseley A, Refshauge KM. Effect of feedback on learning a vertebral joint mobilization skill. Phys Therapy. 1990;90(2):97–102
  28. Lee M, Esler M-A, Mildren J, Herbert R. Effect of extensor muscle activation on the response to lumbar posteroanterior forces. Clin Biomech. 1993;8:115–119
  29. Lee M, Lau H, Lau T. Sagittal plane rotation of the pelvis during lumbar posteroanterior loading. J Manipulat Physiol Ther. 1994;17(3):149–155
  30. Lee R, Evans J. Load–displacement–time characteristics of the spine under posteroanterior mobilisation. Aust J Physiother. 1992;38(3):115–119
  31. Lee R, Evans J. An in vivo study of the interverteral movements produced by posteroanterior mobilisation. Clin Biomech. 1997;12(6):400–408
  32. Lehman G. Clinical consideration in the use of surface electromyography: three experimental studies. J Manipulat Physiol Ther. 2002;25(5):293–299
  33. Lewis GN, Byblow WD, Carson RG. Phasic modulation of corticomotor excitability during passive movement of the upper limb: effects of movement frequency and muscle specificity. Brain Res. 2001;900:282–294
  34. Lofland K, Cassisi J, Levin J, Palumbo N, Blonsky E. The incremental validity of lumbar surface EMG, behavioral observation, and a symptom checklist in the assessment of patients with chronic low-back pain. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2000;25(2):67–78
  35. Lundberg A, Malmgren K, Schomburg ED. Role of joint afferents in motor control exemplified by effects on reflex pathways from Ib afferents. J Physiol. 1978;284:327–343
  36. Maitland G, Hengeveld E, Banks K, English K. Maitland’s vertebral manipulation. 6th ed.. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2005;
  37. Mannion AF, Connolly B, Wood K, Dolan P. The use of surface EMG power spectral analysis in the evaluation of back muscle function. J Rehab Res Dev. 1997;34(4):427–439
  38. McGill S. Electromyographic activity of the abdominal and low-back musculature during the generation of isometric and dynamic axial trunk torque: implications for lumbar mechanics. J Orthopaedic Res. 1991;9:91–103
  39. McGill S, Juker D, Kropf P. Appropriately placed surface EMG electrodes reflect deep muscle activity in the lumbar spine. J Biomech. 1996;29(11):1503–1507
  40. McKenzie A, Taylor N. Can physiotherapists locate lumbar spinal levels by palpation?. Physiotherapy. 1997;8(5):235–239
  41. Millar J. Joint afferent fibres responding to muscle stretch, vibration and contraction. Brain Res. 1973;63:380–383
  42. Newton M, Waddell G. Reliability and validity of clinical measurement of the lumbar spine in patients with chronic low back pain. Physiotherapy. 1991;77(12):796–800
  43. Ng JK, Richardson C. EMG study of erector spinae and multifidus in two isometric back extension exercises. Aust J Physiother. 1994;40(2):115–121
  44. Oliver MJ, Middleditch A. Functional anatomy of the spine. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1991;
  45. O’Sullivan P, Grahamslaw K, Kendell M, Lapenskie S, Moller N, Richards K. The effect of different standing and sitting postures on trunk muscle activity in a pain-free population. Spine. 2002;27(11):1238–1244
  46. Petty NJ, Messenger N. Can the force platform be used to measure the forces applied during a PA mobilisation of the lumbar spine?. J Manual Manipulat Ther. 1996;4(2):70–76
  47. Powers C, Kulig K, Harrison J, Bergman G. Segmental mobility of the lumbar spine during a posterior to anterior mobilization: assessment using dynamic MRI. Clin Biomech. 2003;18:80–83
  48. Ritvanen T, Zaproudina N, Nissen M, Leinonen V, Hanninen O. Dynamic surface electromyographic responses in chronic low back pain treated by traditional bone setting and conventional physical therapy. J Manipulat Physiol Ther. 2007;30:31–37
  49. Sabatino M, Ferraro G, Caravaglios G, Sardo P, Delwaide PJ, La Grutta V. Evidence of a contralateral motor influence on reciprocal inhibition in man. J Neural Trans Parkinson’s Dis Dementia Sect. 1992;4:257–266
  50. Shirley D. Manual therapy and tissue stiffness. In:  Boyling JD,  Jull GA editor. 3rd ed.. Grieve’s modern manual therapy, the vertebral column. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2004;p. 381–390
  51. Shirley D, Lee M, Ellis E. The relationship between submaximal activity of the lumbar extensor muscles and lumbar posteroanterior stiffness. Phys Therapy. 1999;79(3):278–285
  52. Sluka KA, Skyba DA, Radhakrishnan R, Leeper BJ, Wright A. Joint mobilization reduces hyperalgesia associated with chronic muscle and joint inflammation in rats. J Pain. 2006;7(8):602–607
  53. Snijders CJ, Slagter AH, van Strik R, Vleeming A, Stoeckart R, Stam HJ. Why leg crossing? The influence of common postures on abdominal muscle activity. Spine. 1995;20(18):1989–1993
  54. Solomonow M, Baratta RV, Bernardi M, Zhou B, Lu Y, Acierno S. Surface and wire EMG crosstalk in neighbouring muscles. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1994;4:131–142
  55. Sterling M, Jull G, Wright A. Cervical mobilisation: concurrent effects on pain, sympathetic nervous system activity and motor activity. Manual Ther. 2001;6(2):72–81
  56. Stokes IA, Henry SM, Single RM. Surface EMG electrodes do not accurately record from lumbar multifidus muscles. Clin Biomech. 2003;18(1):9–13
  57. Tan JC, Parnianpour M, Nordin M, Hofer H, Willems B. Isometric maximal and submaximal trunk extension at different flexed positions in standing. Triaxial torque output and EMG. Spine. 1993;18(16):2480–2490
  58. Taylor M, Suvinen T, Reade P. The effect of grade IV distraction mobilisation on patients with temporomandibular pain-dysfunction disorder. Physiother Theory Practice. 1994;10:129–136
  59. van Vugt JPP, van Dijk JG. A convenient method to reduce crosstalk in surface EMG. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000;112:583–592
  60. Vicenzino B, Collins D, Wright A. The initial effects of a cervical spine manipulative physiotherapy treatment on the pain and dysfunction of lateral epicondylalgia. Pain. 1996;68:69–74
  61. Vicenzino B, Collins D, Benson H, Wright A. An investigation of the interrelationship between manipulative therapy-induced hypoalgesia and sympathoexcitation. J Manipulat Physiol Ther. 1998;21(7):448–453
  62. Wolf L, Segal R, Wolf S, Nyberg R. Quantitative analysis of surface and percutaneous electromyographic activity in lumbar erector spinae of normal young women. Spine. 1991;16(2):155–161
  63. Wright A, Vicenzino B. Cervical mobilization techniques, sympathetic nervous system effects and their relationship to analgesia. In:  Shacklock MO editors. Moving in on pain. Australia: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1995;p. 164–173
  64. Zusman M. Spinal manipulative therapy: review of some proposed mechanisms and a new hypothesis. Aust J Physiother. 1986;32(2):89–99

PII: S1050-6411(07)00113-7

doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.06.020

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
Volume 19, Issue 1 , Pages 39-45 , February 2009