Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
Volume 17, Issue 1 , Pages 102-111 , February 2007

Reliability of electromyographic normalization methods for evaluating the hip musculature

  • Lori A. Bolgla

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physical Therapy, Medical College of Georgia, CH-100, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 859 333 6356; fax: +1 859 323 6003.
    • ,
  • Timothy L. Uhl

      Affiliations

    • Division of Athletic Training, University of Kentucky, 900 S. Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0200, United States

Received 21 December 2004 ,Revised 17 November 2005 ,Accepted 28 November 2005.

References 

  1. Anderson KG, Behm DG. Maintenance of EMG activity and loss of force output with instability. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(3):637–640
  2. Andrews AW, Thomas MW, Bohannon RW. Normative values for isometric muscle force measurements obtained with hand-held dynamometers. Phys Ther. 1996;76(3):248–259
  3. Bamman MM, Ingram SG, Caruso JF, Greenisen MC. Evaluation of surface electromyography during maximal voluntary contraction. J Strength Cond Res. 1997;11(2):68–72
  4. Basmajian JV, De Luca CJ. Apparatus, detection, and recording techniques. In: Muscles alive, their functions revealed by electromyography. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1985;p. 19–64
  5. Benoit DL, Lamontagne M, Cerulli G, Liti A. The clinical significance of electromyography normalisation techniques in subjects with anterior cruciate ligament injury during treadmill walking. Gait Posture. 2003;18:56–63
  6. Blackburn TA, McLeod WD, White B, Wofford L. EMG analysis of posterior rotator cuff exercises. J Athl Training. 1990;25:40–45
  7. Bohannon RW. Reference values for extremity muscle strength obtained by hand-held dynamometry from adults aged 20–79 years. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 1997;78:26–32
  8. Bolgla LA, Keskula DR. Reliability of lower extremity functional performance tests. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 1997;26(3):138–142
  9. Bolgla LA, Uhl TL. Electromyographic analysis of hip rehabilitation exercises in a group of healthy subjects. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 2005;35(8):487–494
  10. Burden AM, Bartlett R. Normalisation of EMG amplitude: an evaluation and comparison of old and new methods. Med Eng Phys. 1999;21:247–257
  11. Burden AM, Trew M, Baltzopoulos V. Normalisation of gait EMGs: a re-examination. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003;13:519–532
  12. Campenella B, Mattacola CG, Kimura IF. Effect of visual feedback and verbal encouragement on concentric quadriceps and hamstrings peak torque of males and females. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2000;8(1):1–6
  13. Cram JR, Kasman GS. Introduction to surface electromyography. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers Inc.; 1998;
  14. Crossley K, Bennell K, Green S, Cowan S, McConnell J. Physical therapy for patellofemoral pain. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Sport Med. 2002;30(6):857–865
  15. Daniels L, Worthingham C. Muscle testing. Techniques of manual examination. fifth ed.. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1986;
  16. Denegar C, Ball D. Assessing reliability and precision of measurement: an introduction to intraclass correlation and standard error of measurement. J Sport Rehabil. 1993;2:35–42
  17. Domholdt E. Physical therapy research. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1993;
  18. Earl JE, Schmitz RJ, Arnold BL. Activation of the VMO and VL during dynamic mini-squat exercises with and without isometric hip adduction. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2001;11:381–386
  19. Fredericson M, Cookingham CL, Chaudhari AM, Dowdell BC, Oestreicher N, Sahrmann SA. Hip abductor weakness in distance runner with iliotibial band syndrome. Clin J Sport Med. 2000;10:169–175
  20. Fulkerson JP. Diagnosis and treatment of patients with patellofemoral pain. Am J Sport Med. 2002;30(3):447–456
  21. Gryzlo SM, Patek RM, Pink M, Perry J. Electromyographic analysis of knee rehabilitation exercises. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 1994;20(1):36–43
  22. Hanten WP, Schulthies SS. Exercise effect on electromyographic activity of the vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscles. Phys Ther. 1990;70(9):561–565
  23. Heckathorne CW, Childress DS. Relationships of the surface electromyogram to the force, length, velocity, and contraction rate of the cineplastic human biceps. Am J Phys Med. 1981;60(1):1–19
  24. Ireland ML, Willson JD, Ballantyne BT, Davis IM. Hip strength in females with and without patellofemoral pain. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 2003;33(11):671–676
  25. Keskula DR, Dowling JS, Davis VL, Finley PW, Dell’Omo DL. Interrater reliability of isokinetic measures of knee flexion and extension. J Athl Training. 1995;30(2):167–170
  26. Knutson LM, Soderburg GL, Ballantyne BT, Clarke WR. A study of various normalization procedures for within day electromyographic data. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1994;4(1):47–59
  27. Kramer JF, Vaz MD, Vandervoort AA. Reliability of isometric hip abductor torques during examiner and belt-resisted tests. J Gerontol. 1991;46:M47–M51
  28. Laprade J, Culham E, Brouwer B. Comparison of five isometric exercises in the recruitment of the vastus medialis oblique in persons with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 1998;27(3):197–204
  29. Ludewig PM, Hoff MS, Osowski EE, Meschke SA, Rundquist PJ. Relative balance of serratus anterior and upper trapezius muscle activity during push-up exercises. Am J Sport Med. 2004;32(2):484–493
  30. Mascal CL, Landel R, Powers C. Management of patellofemoral pain targeting hip, pelvis, and trunk muscle function. 2. Case reports. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 2003;33(11):647–660
  31. Mohr KJ, Kvitne RS, Pink MM, Fideler B, Perry J. Electromyography of the quadriceps in patellofemoral pain with patellar subluxation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;415:261–271
  32. Moritani T, Muramatsu S, Muro M. Activity of motor units during concentric and eccentric contractions. Am J Phys Med. 1988;66(6):338–350
  33. Morris AD, Kemp GJ, Lees A, Frostick SP. A study of the reproducibility of three different normalisation methods in intramuscular dual fine wire electromyography of the shoulder. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 1998;8:317–322
  34. Moseley JB, Jobe FW, Pink M, Perry J, Tibone J. EMG analysis of scapular muscles during a shoulder rehabilitation program. Am J Sport Med. 1992;20(2):128–134
  35. Nadler SF, DePrince ML, Hauesien N, Malanga GA, Stitik TP, Price E. Portable dynamometer anchoring station for measuring strength of the hip extensors and abductors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81:1072–1076
  36. Neumann DA, Cook TM, Sholty RL, Sobush DC. An electromyographic analysis of hip abductor muscle activity when subjects are carrying loads in one or both hands. Phys Ther. 1992;72(3):207–217
  37. Pettitt R, Dolski A. Corrective neuromuscular approach to the treatment of iliotibial band friction syndrome: a case report. J Athl Training. 2000;35(1):96–99
  38. Portney LG, Watkins MP. Descriptive statistics and measures of variability. In: Foundations of clinical research. second ed.. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Health; 2000;p. 367–386
  39. Portney LG, Watkins MP. Reliability. In: Foundations of clinical research. second ed.. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Health; 2000;p. 61–77
  40. Powers CM. Patellar kinematics. Part I. The influence of the vastus muscle activity in subjects with and without patellofemoral pain. Phys Ther. 2000;80(10):956–964
  41. Reinhold MM, Wilk KE, Fleisig GS, Zheng N, Barrentine SW, Chmielewski T, et al. Electromyographic analysis of the rotator cuff and deltoid musculature during common shoulder external rotation exercises. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 2004;34(7):385–394
  42. Selseth A, Dayton M, Cordova ML, Ingersoll CM, Merrick MA. Quadriceps concentric EMG activity is greater than eccentric EMG activity during the lateral step-up exercise. J Sport Rehabil. 2000;9(2):124–134
  43. Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. Intraclass correlation: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull. 1979;86:420–428
  44. Snyder-Mackler L, De Luca PF, Williams PR, Eastlack ME, Bartolozzi AR. Reflex inhibition of the quadriceps femoris muscle after injury or reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg. 1994;76A(4):555–560
  45. Uhl TL, Carver TJ, Mattacola CG, Mair SD, Nitz AJ. Shoulder musculature activation during upper extremity weight-bearing exercise. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 2003;33(3):109–117
  46. Wikholm JB, Bohannon RW. Hand-held dynamometer measurements: tester strength makes a difference. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 1991;13(4):191–198
  47. Winter DA, Yack HJ. EMG profiles during normal human walking: stride-to-stride and intersubject variability. Electroen Clin Neurophysiol. 1987;67:402–411
  48. Worrell TW, Karst G, Adamczyk D, Moore R, Stanley C, Steimel B, et al. Influence of joint position on electromyographic and torque generation during maximal voluntary isometric contractions of the hamstrings and gluteus maximus muscles. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 2001;31(12):730–740
  49. Yang JF, Winter DA. Electromyographic amplitude normalization methods: improving their sensitivity as diagnostic tools in gait analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1984;65:517–521

PII: S1050-6411(05)00147-1

doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.11.007

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
Volume 17, Issue 1 , Pages 102-111 , February 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution